Wednesday, April 13, 2011

Interviews

(This research was conducted interviewing deviant artists involved in creating Mass Effect 1 and 2 artworks. The questions were asked amongst a random assortment of artist, below is the list of responses. My highly regarded thanks goes out to all those who participated of whom without which I would not have been able to complete this assignment)


Q.  I wish to understand why you (if you have created fan-art or intend to, or if you have some feelings on the issue) create fan-art for this amazing narrative? Do you feel a sense of duty to uphold the relationships or story that Bioware first invisioned? Is it a desire to further build upon the emotional relationships that you face throughout the game? What compels this reaction of artistic expressionism?


A. Interesting question... I think it's simple in this case, I enjoyed the game, and this aspect of it made an impression on me. In creating it I honestly wasn't thinking of any deeper meaning in the piece than an homage to a really well done character and his story. I hope that makes sense!
(maoileoin.deviantart.com)


A.  After finishing Mass Effect (The First game) I found out that Tali' Zorah has a very likeable and attractive personality (mainly the voice acting), but the player was only allowed to have a "captain and crew" relationship with her, nothing more, after a while.... Mass Effect 2 came out! I only found out about it after watching its trailer on youtube, back then I didnt read ANY Review or ANY Blog/Forum informing me about what to expect in Mass Effect 2, I knew nothing about Maranda, The Ilusive man, The Collectors, Legion or the opportunity to have a serious relationship with Tali' Zorah (Meaning NO SPOILER)

This time around Tali' Zorah's Story line is opened up to the player and I found myself becoming more and more attracted to her! The way she talks, the way she reacts to my question/responses, almost every thing that she does in that game made me grow more fond of her. She makes me feel the need to protect her, the need to be with her, the need to hold on to something even when it is futile.

So Long story short I felt the need to express my interest in Tali' Zorah so i drew this doodle!
(zengabyss.deviantart.com)


A. Well my reason for doing fan art on Mass Effect is because the game's character personalities and designs are quite fascinating that it inspires me to see what can I do to make it my own, thus creating a connection that words can not describe and to share with others. It in terms is also a means for me to show my appreciation of what the game gave me in return.
(shumworld.deviantart.com)


A. I often make drawings about video games after I complete them (At least of my favorites). I made this one because I felt that at the time no one had upload the same scenario. Now after the sequel has come out and the franchise has become so popular surely there are thousands of drawings with the same topic, but when I uploaded it there were not many. By contrast, I never made a drawing of Okami (another game i love) because it has been amazingly covered by other artist.
(estebanmn.deviantart.com)


A. In regards to your questions about why I make fan-art for this game, when I played through the game, the story was indeed incredible and very deep, but it was always built for a video game, which limits how deep you can delve without alienating part of your audience. In creating fan art I am essentially illustrating the scenes that the game could not get to. Mass Effect's developers and writers have expressed how things need to get cut from the final game, and that's understandable. Some fans may not like it if scenes featuring more of their favorite character were cut, but for the sake of flow and time both in development and for the player, it often has to be done. That's where fan art steps in I feel. Fans of the game expand the relationships and interactions of the characters beyond what the game could tell, allowing us to essentially play in their playground of a world. Some artists make silly little comics poking fun at a glitch or a running gag in the game, others take a look at the characters and the parallels between this fictitious world and our own. The possibilities are essentially limitless.

Also something unique with Mass Effect (and any game where you make a personalized custom character) is that this is YOUR character put into a scenario with just enough information to give you an idea of who they are and letting you fill in all the blanks. It makes the experience all the more personal and enjoyable rather than just taking control of a character with a set history and personality.

I personally enjoy keeping my takes on the game within the realm of the canon set by Bioware, but that preference can vary from person to person. In my opinion, when I created my Shepard I was building off the framework that Bioware had set, so I feel that I can adhere to that framework while still making a character that is unique to my game. 
(armesan.deviantart.com)


A. The main reason I've made the fan art pictures I've made is that some little thing in a game, text or movie gives me a silly idea. I write down these silly ideas and leave them alone for a week or so. If I still find it funny when I look at it again, I figure that it might be worth a shot to try to make a picture of it.

One example of this is my picture "Meanwhile... In the new Shadow Broker's quarters" (http://seigmann.deviantart.com/art/Meanwhile-2-201087834?). The thing that set me off was the simple sentence at the end of the scenario about little blue children. I immediately thought about smurfs and the general dislike many people who experienced the late 70s and early 80s have for them.
(seigmann.deviantart.com)


A. I'm glad you asked. Well, as you say, one of the reasons is to honor the work Bioware did, and to materialize the love I have for this series. Right now I'm working on a fan-art that looks like a promo of the future ME3, its also a means to make the wait shorter.
(hidrico.deviantart.com)


A. This was mostly for fun, but... well, the relationships in most RPGs are kind of glossed over - there are a couple of linear conversations, and that's all. I understand why (resource allocation being what it is), but part of me has trouble believing that a relationship can be summed up so simply, so I start working out what I think would happen between scripted scenes. When I'm playing a game, the story and gameplay generally serve as a jumping-off point for another narrative that I keep going in my head. I suppose it boils down to a desire to flesh out my own experience of the story and take ownership (participation is the great strength of video game storytelling, after all). As for the art itself, I create things mostly for myself and then share them hoping other people will enjoy them, too. 
(rascality.deviantart.com)


A. I never thought about it very much. I don't feel any duty of any kind towards the game. In this particular case, I didn't even know much about the story of the game or the characters. It was months before the release of Mass Effect 2 and the first appearance of the character was just leaked. The design, the voice, the way the character was animated and the atmosphere really impressed me and inspired me. So I wanted to draw something. In that case, there was also a challenge. I wasn't used to doing lightings like that and I tried some new techniques.

But most of the time, I simply draw what the game makes me imagine, what is unsaid or what I want to reinterpret. That's also a way to show to people what I like and, to be honest, making fanarts is the only way to make people come see your gallery on deviantArt when you're an unknown artist.
(sweetsnail.deviantart.com)



Q. Why do you create erotic ME fan art? Do you feel it is an expansion upon the in-game relationships? In other words, much as in real life relationships how intimacy, in some cases, progresses over the course of time, do you feel your work is a reflection of this type of build up, that your works illustrate further the stories which Bioware first created? That these erotic art pieces are a type of 'next step' in the game's fictional romances? Or any other reason you may have?







A. I think that's about right.

Like it or not, the fandom is divided up by the romances. The pairing(s) a person supports almost becomes part of your "fandom identity". It's funny really, I never really thought about it, but I guess it's making a statement about it. Every Shepard is different - meaning in everyone's minds, the romance has a different flavour to it. Art like this allows the artist to - as you say - expand upon the in-game relationship. It creates imagery that is unique, because it's not just another screenshot of the same scene, just with a different face on Shepard.

The other side of it for me is that I like to maintain a good mix of pics, so some are going to end up in this catagory - may as well use characters and pairings I like.

(metal-dragon-kiryu.deviantart.com)


A. Why do you create erotic ME fan art? 

Basically when I came onto DA a year ago I was close to finishing my BS degree in Game Design, I figured I’d draw up video game based artwork to expand my portfolio, I did some Mass Effect 2 artwork since the game was just released and got my first erotic artwork request which was a lesbian series of images based around Liara and Ashley. I made those then decided to do free commissions for anyone who asked in order to get 100 images finished for my portfolio before I graduated. 90% of the requests were for erotic artwork and this is where this image and most of my other erotic artwork came from, I didn’t really start out with erotic artwork planned in mind but people liked it so much that I continued it, and since I’m well known for my Mass Effect artwork I have a lot of it in my galleries.

Do you feel it is an expansion upon the in-game relationships?

It could be depending on who’s looking at it and what they’re requesting, for me any erotic artwork I create has no arousal effect on me since I see it made from a sketch to the final product, which means to me it’s just like work and I don’t really feel anything from the artwork I create.

Do you feel your work is a reflection of this type of build up, that your works illustrate further where Bioware left off?

I think bioware do leave a lot out romance and erotic-wise since they’re now owned by EA and everyone wants’ to keep a family friendly image. The romance in the games starts out well up to the point where you’re forced to choose a partner or ‘close the deal’ which is where the romance falls apart for me and in some cases pisses me off. Being forced into decisions like choosing this woman over this one isn’t realistic nor is it valid in a game where your character can talk bosses into killing themselves yet can’t handle an argument between two women who have feelings for him or use charm to talk them into a triangle. In those cases the buildup never delivers, I’d say since they can show people being shot in the head or dismembered they should be able to show nude women and advanced sex scenes between romantic partners.

That these erotic art pieces are a type of 'next step' in the game's fictional romances?

I’d say that the images are a step in the right direction for the next step in gaming erotica but far from where they should be. One of my goals of going into game design was to create full scale RPG games that included full on screen interactive sex and erotica to further bring the player into the story. At the moment though all the companies are more worried about bringing in casual gamers and targeting the 13 and up crowd so games are suffering as far as true adult stories are involved. Also you have to take into account who’s playing the game itself in order to see how much a romantic storyline affects them. Me for example, I’m a sex addict with no access to the women I love until death, I get hit on whenever I leave the house by younger and older women but avoid relationships since the women I care about wait for me on the other side. That means the only form of romance I get in life is through video games, hentai, ect.. so I usually get games where romance is an option but almost every time the game forces me into decisions that I’d never make in real life therefore ruining the romantic aspect and the overall game experience. An example would be that scene in ME 1 where the male Shepard has to choose between Liara and Ashley then never has a real option of choosing them both, then on the next mission they are able to talk Saren into shooting himself in the head, this kind of thing makes no sense especially in a role playing game.

Other notes

Overall I never planned on getting into erotic artwork, after my first erotic image some of my fans cut off contact with me, almost every woman I come into contact with on DA think I’m hitting on them, and I’ve gotten a lot of jealous people or people in love with the characters I draw harassing me (this image for example is my most popular one but almost all of the comments are negative) . On the other hand though my mass effect images show up all around the internet including the official Bioware site, if you type Mass Effect/Tali into Google one of my images will show up in the top 5 listed, and a lot of artists have been inspired by my designs and use it in their own artwork. In closing, erotic artwork can get someone fans very quickly but a lot of harassment comes with it from people who hate sex and nudity, the longest run of harassment I ever got was 6 months straight and at least 3 times a week, so making erotic artwork isn’t for everyone.

(mrorbital.deviantart.com)


A. Why do you create erotic ME fan art? Do you feel it is an expansion upon the in-game relationships?


Why? I dunno, its a great game with interesting characters, and yes, every gamer will develop some kind of platonic relationship towards them. 


Do you feel your work is a reflection of this type of build up, that your works illustrate further where Bioware left off?


Maybe a little but its more like fantasy because I still know that they are fictional game characters. So I can do to them nearly anything, I can draw anything concerning them because they are not real. Also, because it is an RPG-Role playing game in a near-real universe, anything is possible in these kinds of games so artists can elaborate on the fiction in his or her own way. But no, I don’t think Bioware wanted to go this way concerning Shepard or the ME girls. 


That these erotic art pieces are a type of 'next step' in the game's fictional romances?


They could be, I mean its an RPG so, again, anything is possible. Each "Shepard" is a reflection of the player but of course Bioware could not show everything within the sex scenes. Who knows, maybe Shepard secretly loves this kind of relationship. Sexual themes in ME and other games generally are all about what most people think is "normal". I was surprised that gay themes made it into the game considering how much the USA want to raise their children in a "normal" society. That being said I am NOT against homosexuality, some of my good friends are Homosexuals and I am perfectly ok with it.
(mcbound.deviantart.com)


A. I created this particular piece of fan art because just one week ago I finished the game and found it was very difficult in which to choose a romance... MIRANDA?? TALI?? or SAMARA (I know she refuses you finally)... then that difficult decision led me to think about that picture... why only one?? I want all them!! They are so cute and sexy!! hehehe About the relationships I prefer the relationship with TAlI... as she is more cute and more emotional.
(witchking00.deviantart.com)


A.  I create ME fanart 'cause I like the races they have created in the world of ME, Asari are especially very pretty and exotic, and I have a soft spot for blue skin, so they are even more interesting to be drawn.

The game deals with the in-game relationships, and erotic art is just something as natural as the things shown in the game itself. Of course, the game had to censor the erotic part to keep it sellable on the world wide market, and that's something you have more freedom as a fan-artist - it's no direct expansion, it's more the thing they can't show. Erotic art of self-imagined fan characters can't be a next step of the in-game romances, cause those characters don't exist in-game, they just are an addition to the whole world, with the freedom of the artist to draw whatever he or she wants to I like the world of ME, and drawing Asari (or other races) from ME is just fun and relaxation for me, a good possibility to train anatomy and skin coloring, too.
(asarea.deviantart.com)











Tuesday, April 12, 2011

Emotion and sexuality within Mass effect Fan-Art

---

Abstract

The universe of Mass Effect is rather new when comparing it against popular franchises such as Halo or Final Fantasy. Yet over the past four years since the first game was released a community surrounding this sci-fi epic is fast becoming a vastly varied culture sharing, contributing and creating different aspects of fandom. Cosplay, fan-fiction, comics and art are just some examples of the already branching paths extending from this memorable fiction. The following study will introduce the reader to one particular aspect of Mass Effect fan culture, that being fan-art. Over the course of the discussion a variety of points are made in regard to the emotional and sexual themes within the game and how the in-game relationship building is a defining factor of inspired fan-art.  

Introduction

In 2005 the Xbox 360 console system saw the dawn of Mass Effect, a sci-fi epic created by the infamous Bioware. The story centers itself around Commander Shepard the famous War hero of the Skyillian Blitz (given that this is the background history the player chooses). Shepard starts his journey responding to a critical mission in which he is being tested as a Specter (a universal government secret operative), yet the colony in which the mission takes place is suddenly and unexpectedly attacked. From these events Shepard is given the task of chasing down the culprits behind the attack and solving the mysteries of an ancient race known as the Reapers. Come 2010, the release of Mass Effect 2 introduces the player to a new threat known as the Collectors. Shepard discovers that this species is behind the abductions of human colonies across the universe and once again is tasked with acquiring an entourage of specialists intent on thwarting the Collectors in their goal of mass human abduction.

As the culture of Mass Effect (ME) is as vivid and dense as Final Fantasy, or Halo, this discussion will narrow down one aspect of the fan community to give a more precise view into this popular narrative. The discussion examines the richly constructed universe of ME 1 and 2 by contrasting the developer’s artistic vision against fan-art which further builds upon the in game character relationships through emotion and sexuality. The following observations and analysis is taken from research conducted via artist interviews[1] and forum based discussions[2].

Effective Emotional Art

One of and possibly the most prominent feature within Mass Effect concerns itself with human/alien interactions, where success lies in the trust and respect of your followers.  Being a Role Playing Game (RPG) in which the player is given the power of choice, it is entirely up to the individual whether this mechanic of gameplay is essential to his or her own success through the games. Yet, as Grant Tavinor suggests, these emotive stimuli encourage the audience to react with the fictional characters as if in real life situations. That “Something that is known to be fictional – and subsequently known to have no real existence – can be the cause or object of strongly felt emotions evident in gaming.” (Tavinor, G. 2009. p.134) It is through these emotional connections that players can invest personal feelings between their Commander Shepard and the characters that surround him because of the naturalness of the connection between the imagination and the emotion. (Tavinor, G. 2009. p.138)

As this is a crucial aspect of the ME 1 and 2 game experience, it is essential to create character art that encapsulates these varying personalities in a way that is believable to the audience. For example Jack, the psychopathic biotic, who’s personality mirrors her conceptualization is covered in tattoos and scars from being tortured as a child (See fig.1). Or Grunt, the brutal Krogan whose main desire is to maim and kill, presents himself as a hulking mass of muscles and hardened body plates with a constant scowl on his face. These iconic visuals help establish a stereotype to each of the distinct protagonists and antagonists throughout the series that allows the audience to associate their own impressions based on personal history, experience or moral ideals. This is what Ekman calls an “automatic appraisal mechanism” in which the brain prepares the body in response to the eliciting emotion through stereotyped behavior and physiological reactions. (Ekman, P. 1980) In regard to ME, Bioware has established this through a means of detailed artwork and emotional storylines that the fan community can use to understand the multiple fictional personalities through this concept of an “automatic appraisal mechanism”.

Figure 1. Design taken from the official Mass Effect 2 Art Book. Image courtesy of Bioware Inc. 

When discussing fan-art, this emotional reaction is a means that fan artists or the artist fan can use in respect to their own personal works. As stated in ‘Fan-Art as a Function of Agency in Oddworld Fan Culture’ “fan-art is not transgressive in its depiction or means of production, but instead is perceptualist with the occasional pastiche. Its deviance lies in the legitimation of games as an art form and fans homage to digital artists over and above mainstream fine art elite forms. (Schott, G. & Burn, A. 2007) The majority of artworks that are found through the Mass Effect forums, and through art websites such as deviantart.com[3] show that the art created by the ME community follow the same basic structure of the original design concepts and narrative arcs. One particular interviewee named maoileoin responded by saying “I enjoyed the game, and this aspect of it made an impression on me. In creating it I honestly wasn’t thinking of any deeper meaning in the piece than an homage to a really well done character and his story”.[4] Generally, these fan works reflect the relationships or emotional connections that players establish with the fictional protagonists and antagonists, whether portraying Commander Shepard behaving intimately with Garrus (See Fig.2) or through recreations of their favorite character/s.   

Sexuality and the Effect it has

After the first game’s inclusion of in-depth romantic relationships between three of the main characters, Ashley (Male Shepard interest), Kaiden (Female Shepard interest) and Liara (M & F Shepard interest), fan-art portraying romantic story themes emerged as another focal point of art generated by the community. In ME 2, the choice of courting the in game characters expanded considerably, allowing more possibilities for fans to build on emotional connections that these fictional realms are able to convey. It could be speculated that it becomes the duty of the fan community to uphold these relationships through the many varied forms of fan culture, in this case visual art, so that creating works attaining to the game’s intimately allied characters becomes a means of upholding Bioware’s vision for the franchise. Zengabyss, a deviantART respondent mentioned that the work he creates is a reflection of his relationship with the character Tali, “She makes me feel the need to be with her, the need to hold onto something even when it’s futile. I felt the need to express my interest in Tali’Zorah so I drew this doodle of her.” (See Figure.3) As Tali is confined to wearing a suit all her life, this artist responded to the intimate wall that Commander Shepard must face when romancing Tali by representing his emotional connection to the fictional character through art.



Figure 2. Design depicting relationship between Garrus and Female Shepard. Image courtesy of armesan. 

Erotic fan-art is another form of artistic expressionism that evolves from these character romances. As the game does feature scenes of intimacy between Commander Shepard and his crew, in some cases mild scenes of intercourse, erotica is just another means for artists to extend the boundaries of the story.  Just like in real life scenarios when a relationship typically progresses through stages of sexuality, in some cases erotic fan art is not unlike a need to expand the in game relationships to the next level of intimacy whether through portrayals of nudity or explicit scenes of sex. In Metal-Dragon-Kiryu’s opinion “Art like this allows the artist to expand upon the in-game relationships. It creates imagery that is unique, because it’s not just another screenshot of the same scene”.



Figure.3 Design depicting Tali and M          Figure.4 Erotica fan-art of Liara. Image
Shepard. Image courtesy of  Zengabyss.      courtesy of agregor.

Tali is an interesting character to analyze in terms of erotic art. As already established, she is confined to wearing a suit all her life as the Quarians (Tali’s race) have a very weak immune system. This means that the player never gets the opportunity to see her face, not unlike Master Chief from Halo or Snake Eyes in G.I. Joe. What this poses emotionally is the sense of unknown, what hides beneath the mask? (See Fig.5)  Rather then a general curiosity where Master Chief is concerned, the sexualisation of Tali makes the curiosity an erotic evocation when building a relationship with her. Artists take it upon themselves to portray their own view of what Tali looks like, in some cases depicting her completely nude or engaging in acts of explicit intimacy. After interviewing an artist who contributes to such erotic Tali fan-art, the response was somewhat surprising in regards to the ME community and the deviantART community’s reaction to his work. MrOrbital stated “After my first erotic image some of my fans cut off contact with me…this image for example is my most popular one butalmost all of the comments are negative.”[5] In this case, the over sexualisation of Tali is perhaps perceived by the ME community as pushing the original romance over the line as she represents the innocent/cute relationship option rather then the more sexually active character option.  On the other hand, perhaps it is not so much the fact that Tali is the featured figure but more the fact that sexual intimacy is represented within the artworks, as McOrbital goes onto say “erotic artwork can get someone fans very quickly, but a lot of harassment comes with it from people who hate sex and nudity”.

Effectionate Slash Art

One character to bring attention to in order to understand the next discussed issue of the sexuality in ME fan-art is Liara (See Fig.4). Liara is part of a mono-gendered species that look and sound like females who breed through “consciously attuning their nervous system with their partner’s, sending and receiving electrical impulses directly through the skin.” (Bioware. 2010) Technically speaking, this means that Asari can breed with any form of alien, whether Human, Krogan, or Klingon regardless of sex. Mono-gender aside, the concept of Female Shepard and Liara is closely related to the fan-culture of Slash. In the words of Henry Jenkins

“It represents an erotic fantasy of crossing over from a homophobic society into homo-eroticism. That brings to the surfaces the emotional dynamic and the relationship between characters…what you are exploring is less the sexual dimension and more the emotion dynamic in a relationship between two men, or two women.” (Jenkins, H. 2008)

The relationship that female Shepard can have with Liara is not so much about the physical intimacy but more about the emotional connection the characters begin to express to each other over time. This being said, fan-art of the Slash variety is not restricted to just Liara and Female Shepard, many other artists have expressed homosexual, lesbian or bi-sexual art involving male Shepard and Garrus, or female shepard and Kelly.[6]

It could be suggested that this form of emotional expression in art should be avoided in relation to the ME universe, as art depicting Tali and Shepard getting married, for example, follows closely behind the original story arc. While a relationship between Shepard and Kaiden never took place thus it should be avoided, as it does not adhere to any in game relationship. A forum based discussion on this topic concluded that this is not the case, forum member Kagura_Hakubi stated that “Romantic depictions of homosexuality are just as valid as heterosexual or even (at least as common in this fandom) xenophillic (human/alien, eg. Shepard/Garrus) artworks.” Another respondent, technoquarian suggested, “Part of the problem, I think, is that considering, say, Kaiden and MShep snuggling – cloths on, etc. – as more risqué than Ashley and FShep as it reinforces the idea that bisexual or homosexual behavior is a fetish.” The issue here then is not that Slash fan-art moves too far from the original concepts but is more a miss-representation resulting in the assumption of fetishism as opposed to “the emotional dynamic in a relationship between two men, or two women” i.e Liara and female Shepard (See Fig.6).



Figure 5. Art piece showcasing Tali                               Figure 6. Female Shepard and Liara
un-masked. Courtesy of McOrbital.                               engaged sexually. Courtesy of
                                                                                       Metal-Dragon-Kiryu.

What this suggests is that the ME community agrees on these forms of fan-art as emotionally inspired works from either a homosexual, lesbian or bisexual perspective. Though some forms of Slash art are perhaps an individual’s attempts at expressing ones fetishism as opposed to any deeper meaning, the crux of the overall genre is based around fictional emotion through intimate visual portrayals. An artistic response to what Tavinor terms as

“Fictions that arise out of our designing props to sustain vivid and interesting imaginative episodes - arouse our emotions by exploiting this connection between the imagination and emotion. Artists, moreover, have designed all sorts of novel ways to “press our emotional buttons” by the perceptual and imaginative features they put into the fictive props that comprise their artworks…the ability is augmented by the interactive fictions of videogames. (Tavinor, G. 2009. p.139)

Much like previously discussed heterosexual ME fan-art, this reflection of fictionally established emotions and memorable in-game relationships is an over arcing determinate in ME fan generated artworks. That people believe a fiction, in this case ME, is true and the resulting emotions are caused by this inherent belief. (Neill, A. 1994)

Conclusion

ME fan-art is a means in which the fan community is able to thoroughly express the emotional allegiances, relationships and romances throughout the narrative that are otherwise left to the imagination after the games finally reach an end. While research through interviewing both players and artists has garnered a general understanding of why the community expresses themselves through these emotive visual constructions, it is only just the beginning in terms of analyzing the wider audience. However, there is no doubt that a crucial element of inspired ME fan-art is a reflection of the original art design both of a conceptual and narrative nature. That the character design and fictional relationship building, inflicts upon the audience a sense of emotional realism and responsibility to further build upon the narrative through emotive and sexual art. 

Green and Black Stripe

References

Agregor. (2010). Mass Effect Liara. Accessed 12th April, 2011, from: http://agregor.deviantart.com/gallery/?offset=48#/d2s60a1

Armesan. (2010). Mass Effect: Smile. Accessed 12th April, 2011, from: http://armesan.deviantart.com/gallery/?offset=24#/d2ue5vl

Bioware. (2010). Mass Effect 2. Edmonton: Electronic Entertainment

Bioware EA. (2010). Mass Effect 2 Collectors’ Edition Art Book. Roseville: Prima Games. p.8.

Ekamn, P. (1980). “Biological and Cultural Contributions to Body and Facial Emotions. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Jenkins, H. (2008, October). Fan Art Talk in the Virtual Labs: Special Guest Professor Henry Jenkins. Accessed 21 March, 2011, from: http://blip.tv/file/1417486

Metal-Dragon-Kiryu. (2010). Mass Effect – ‘Reminiscence’. Accessed 13th April, 2010, from: http://browse.deviantart.com/?q=metal-dragon-kiryu&order=9&offset=24#/d2zvthn

MrOrbital. (2010). Mass Effect 2: Tali IV Loyalty. Accessed 14th April, 2011, from: http://mrorbital.deviantart.com/gallery/24424115#/d2l2i7d

Neill, A. (1994). “Fiction and Emotions,” in A. Neill and A. Ridley eds., Arguing About Art: Contemporary Philosophical Debates. London: Routledge.

Tavinor, G. (2009). The Art of Videogames. UK West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.

Schott, G. & Burn, A. (2007). Fan-Art as a Function of Agency in Oddworld Fan-Culture. Bristol: Intellect. p.246

Zengabyss. (2010). Mass Effect 2 “Tali”. Accessed 12th April, 2011, from: http://zengabyss.deviantart.com/gallery/?offset=24#/d2jfcp6

Gameography

Final Fantasy, Square Enix, 1987
Mass Effect, 2007, Bioware
Mass Effect 2, 2010, Bioware
Halo, Bungie, 2001

Bibliography

Bioware EA. (2010). Mass Effect 2 Making of DVD. –(Note: Producer or other affiliations regarding the creation of this DVD are not mentioned)

Fmsantos39. (2011). Will we finally see Tali’s face on ME3? Accessed 12th April, 2011, from: http://social.bioware.com/forum/1/topic/128/index/5483886

Lake, C. (2007). Lesbian alien ‘sex’ scene spooks censors. Accessed 14th April, 2011, from: http://www.news.com.au/technology/lesbian-alien-sex-scene-spooks-censors/story-e6frfrnr-1111114894006

Sliwinski, A. (2007). Mass Effect allows lesbian alien sex, men remain vanilla. Accessed 14th April, 2011, from: http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/18/mass-effect-allows-lesbian-alien-sex-men-remain-vanilla


[1] For full interview and responses http://masseffectfanartdiscussion.blogspot.com
[3] To view discussed artworks follow links to browse lists of fan generated art deviantart.com. (2011). http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&global=1&q=mass+effect
Beezqp. (2011). Fanart – Few Mass Effect 2 Drawings. http://social.bioware.com/forum/1/topic/128/index/6927017
[5] Link to discussed artwork MrOrbital. (2010). Mass Effect 2: Tali and Miranda. http://MrOrbital.deviantart.com/art/Mass-Effect-2-Tali-and-Miranda-168316047?offset=25#comments
[6] Examples of stated artworks